There are many jobs and roles within the games industry to make it work, without any of these roles then making games would be difficult and have a very high chance of not being created.
Creative Development
Game Designer – the games designer is the person responsible for creating
the idea of the game. They think of several factors including: genre(s),
characters, story, weapons, Environment/settings, game modes and much more. The
overall job is for the games designer to create the game and give ideas of what
it consists of, how it plays and the core elements of the game. Once the game
has been plotted out and heavily planned the games designer will begin to
communicate to the different teams in the games design company and will tell
them what he believes should be done e.g. he will go to the artist team and
tell them what he wishes the character to look like. The games design is
usually done by a group of people with a lead games designer overseeing how
they are doing. Games designers will need to have a high understanding on
hardware and software so that they can create a game that is suited to the
different platforms (e.g. Xbox, Play station and PC) and to understand what
limitations the programmers may have. The games designer is the core of
creating a game as they are where the process starts. Without game designers
the ideas would not be created and sent to the different teams for them to work
on. It isn’t all just creating with a games designer though as they must do their
research into what they want to create e.g. If they wanted a Victorian type
game they would do research into the historical period of Victorian England and
other games that have used Victorian themes. They must also make sure that the
idea is pushed forward and persuade other team members that the concept will be
a good idea.
Example:
I will use Jak and Daxter as an example, this is a game series
that has four main games in the series along with two spin offs. When looking
back to the first game the games designer will have thought upon multiple ideas
for the game, when it was first being developed the game was planned to have a
unique character as the PS2 had just been released. When looking into the
development of the game it is said that many changes underwent with the game
such as there meaning to be a third main character instead of just two, this
would have been decided by a games designer who would have had three characters
in mind and how they looked. Instead they dropped one because they felt like
two main characters would have higher quality and be the exact image that they
wanted. Early on Jak had a more animalistic look to him but as time went on he
became more developed to have a human appearance. The pictures below are concept art however, where as a games designer will make the ideas and change them with or without drawings, this is just one example.
Original Jak concept
Final Jak concept
Another example is this naughty dog video where it talks to multiple lead game designers who explain how they take feedback and improve levels or characters and what it is like to work at the studio.
Level Editor – The level editor designs architecture and environments
that the player will interact with. Where they are limited to the design and
theme of how it will look (due to the games designers’ idea) they are given
considerable freedom on varying the specific looks and feel of a level. Level
editors define the areas that the player controls the characters in; this
involves the environment, the area and layout of spaces in a level, lighting,
textures and forms. They also develop the challenges presented In a level for
the player to overcome, the architecture they design helps with this e.g. a
collectible is atop a tower and to get to it you must traverse around the
outside of it using actions such as climbing and swinging. The level designers will
place the individual platforms and objects to help reach the object. There can
be other factors which the level designer could use such as hiding, testing
skill and the elements of exploration and interaction. Level designers also
define the characters involved whether they are playable or not, this includes
the different behaviours that are associated with them.
They begin tackling level editing by drawing a level using a form
of 2D (whether technological or not) and will have to place themselves in the
shoes of the player, they will then map out the possible ways to get through a
level and choose the ways that would feel most comfortable for the player and
match the gameplay. Once this is done they will begin to create the game using
3D technology, they will begin to write down and draw the assets needed, and
this will include all the objects and programming requirements. They will then
communicate with the programming and art team so that they can create these
assets. The level editor will need to know the constraints that the team has.
Example:
An example of this can be
shown in the game bloodborne, the level editor has to take into account many
elements involved in this game such as the character not being able to jump up,
levers being able to open up shortcuts to areas that the player has reached so
they don't have to take a long time manoeuvre around, secret areas for secret
items and more. They will also have to make the environments look fit with the
art assets. Two examples of this in the game are the town of yharnam, they will
have to make the level look like streets, alleyways and sewers that the player
will traverse around placing objects in the environment for the player to reach
each area. Another area is the forest, they will have to take into account the
art assets of the trees, buildings, caves and more. If they do not take into
account these elements then the levels could look peculiar in the game and will
not match the style of the game itself.
A map of Central Yharnam to the right and Cetral Yharnam on the left
A map of Central Yharnam to the right and Cetral Yharnam on the left
Another example would be the game crash bandicoot, these two games have a massive difference where bloodborne is open world and explorable, crash bandicoot is a linear platformer. The factor in crash bandicoot are massively different as well since crash can jump, has a different genre of gaming entirely, has a different attack system and etc. The levels in this game are based more around how crash abilities mainly his jumping ability.
Lead Artist – also known as art director or creative manager will be
responsible for the overall look of the game. They will communicate between the
games designer and lead programmer to make sure that the art that is created
follows how the game should look and to make sure that it will be programmed
into the game easily helping the technical artists’ job become a little easier.
Lead artists will create most of the initial artwork by themselves; this will
allow the lead artist to get use to the technical software and determine the
best techniques and tools for the artwork that will be used.
The lead artist will also manage a team of artists and animators;
he will direct them to create art assets for the game including objects,
weapons, characters/enemies and more. The lead artist does is like a leader but
of his/hers own team. They will have to ensure that the team stays within the
schedule and budget. They will attempt to research and test different factors
which could help make the game look better such as lighting, animation,
textures and more while be appropriate to the technology that the team have.
Below is a video showcasing
the explanation of a lead artist and his role within a company known as
rebellion. He explains what his role is for and showcases the work he himself
has done:
Technical Artist – The technical artist acts as the bridge between the
artists and programmers, he puts the art and the programming together. This is
to stop any art assets from becoming disfigured and so they don’t stop any
artistic vision from being its intended purpose. The technical artist is
grouped as part of the art team and communicates heavily with the lead artist,
creative director and lead programmers. Their main responsibility is to help
maintain the production of art and keep the work flow being fast and smooth.
Where the lead artist experiments with the tools and chooses the best ones for
the team to use, the technical artist will present a variety of tools for the
lead artist to experiment with. They also have the same role of
experimenting with such like the lead artist. A job that is different, however,
is that the technical artist has a type of mentoring where he will train other
artists and show them different techniques and tools.
The technical artist also does not get directly involved with
creating art assets, instead he helps the artists and helps them when they have
a problem or get stumped; he also sets up the system of production. As well as
the art side they much keep up with the technical side, they must learn about
new hardware, software, consoles and PC’s. This is so that they can learn the
new techniques and find ways to make the team more efficient while making his
work of finding and creating techniques efficient as well. He also has to do it
to know limitations of the consoles that are out so they don’t exceed any of
these limitations and make the game unplayable.
Example:
Below is a YouTube clip that
explains what a technical artist does in the industry. It says their skills and
how they help within the company.
Artist –
An artist does the same as a lead artist and technical artist except doesn’t
have to worry about other elements except for creating the visuals, storyboards
and concept art. They follow the directions of the lead artists and technical
artists to create the highest quality art work that they can. They must achieve
the acquired look that the game is going for and that the games designer asks
for e.g. if a games designer wishes for the game to have realistic visuals then
the artists will work on realistic art, if they wish for a cartoony style then
they will work on cell shaded art. When it comes to art there are several specialist
areas in the art area of work including 3D object modelling, environment,
character design and textures. They have to have some sort of technical
knowledge as well with knowing the limitations of each platform and the
capabilities that the console has with art. They also have to collect feedback
from QA testers to make sure that the art looks correct within the game.
There are a few jobs that artists must do to help create a game, I
will explain three of these jobs although there will be many more. The first is
concept art, this is art usually done on a piece of paper using pen or pencil.
It starts off with basic sketches of characters, locations and objects that
give the game its shape and form, the sketches that are made however, may not
be the same as the end result. This is because a lot of concept art is there to
help present ideas for the game especially when it comes to visuals. A
character could get modified 100 times over before they become the finished
result but it will always start off with some quick sketches which will develop
into something bigger.
The second job is 3D modelling; these are artists who create the
characters and locations using 3D modelling tools, this will be done using
certain special software. There are three popular ways to present 3D modelling
including polygonal modelling, curve modelling and digital sculpting. The
bigger majority of modelling is done using polygonal modelling as polygonal
models are flexible and can be rendered quickly, the method of polygonal
modelling is using points called vertices to plot out a basic shape and then
use lines to join these points together to create a polygonal mesh.
Digital sculpting is the newest technique of the three and has
become quite popular; it has three different types of modelling including
displacement, volumetric and dynamic tessellation. Curve modelling involves
having a surface created from curves which are influenced by weighted control
points. The increased weight on a point will make the curve become more closely
pulled to that point.
The final job is 2D/texture art; they create the textures for
characters, environments and items. This is done using software on the computer
and maps over the 3D models that have been created. If it is a 2D game then 3D
models do not need to be made and the game can just have textures created for
it.
An example of an artists work can be shown from thief, the environment and character had to match the time era and genre that the game was going for. As you can see it is a dark and gritty old age England. They will have both 2D and 3D art to showcase the game.
A game that just works with 2D art is rayman origins; this game showcases a completely different effect to thief having a 2D art and different style of gameplay and genre in general. Each game will have started with concept art and developed into what it is today. The difference is that because thief is a 3D game it will have to have both 3D and 2D art drawn and created for it whereas rayman only has 2D art created for it.
Below is a few drawings that I have created, as you can tell my work isn't as higher standard as I am not a professional but as I continue to draw my skills will improve to the point of where I will be able to draw landscapes and characters like in the industry.
Animator – The animator’s main job is to show and
portray character movements and behaviours. They will apply and create the
movement for main characters, NPC’s, enemies and rarely objects, scenery and
environmental effects. Animators will use special software to create the
movement they want, this is known as motion capture and helps to make movement
feel and look more realistic. Again they must know the limitations of the
platforms so that the movement does not exceed the capabilities and make the
game look bad. They attempt to create smooth seamless movement and optimise the
performance of characters and enemies so work closely with artists and
programmers so that this movement is done correctly. It is hard to create
animations and complex to create certain combinations so animators reuse old
animations or the same animation on multi0ple characters with a few tweaks.
Animators have to do something known as rigging or skinning a
character. This is creating a skeleton for the characters and enemies that suit
how they will move and attacks. This goes underneath the textures and
modelling, animators will attach appropriate body parts to the correct bone
that it corresponds to and this technique allows the animation process to
become more efficient.
An example of 3D animation
can be seen in the game evolve with the aliens having to go under rigging.
An example of 2D animation
can be shown below in a character created by an individual. The difference is
that the animation of the character will just be drawn. No rigging will happen,
however, each animation that the character does will have to be drawn with size
being considered and multiple models being created page after page of a limb
moving the tiniest piece.
Below is a quick animation
of a drawing that someone has done, it showcases how they have made the
character walk and use a flame attack.
Audio Engineer – The audio engineer creates the
soundtrack to a game, this includes any music, sound effects and character
voices. They will use different types of techniques to achieve sound effects
including studio recording, using sound editing software and VST’s to alter
sounds, using field recordings and more techniques. As for music they can either
use sound editing software along with VST’s again or use traditional musical
instruments. The size of the audio engineer group depends on the company, but
the majority usually consists of just two team members who have to do all the
sounds. They work for development and specialist outsourcing companies.
The reason they work for the outsourcing companies is to re-version games for
different territories.
When working with actors they will audition many people until they
find the right voices for the characters, if the game is being re-versioned
they will have to change the actors and make sure the lip synching on the
characters match the new voices. There are again limitations when it comes to
sound creating and the audio engineers must know some knowledge on the
technology to understand its capabilities. It is a complex process and the
audio engineer has to take into account that it is an immersive and interactive
experience that people play making the designing more complicated. It is
especially hard to create music for audio engineers.
Two examples of games that
are completely different will be shown below on how sounds are made. They both
give a different perspective with one guy creating and recording the sounds
himself for Skyrim while the other video showcases the director talking about
how they pulled a team of sound engineers who had worked on movies such as the
dark knight to help make sounds for arkham city. Each video offers a different
perspective and information on how sounds are made.
In this video the sound
engineer shows how he makes the sounds themselves an example would be how he
uses an object in his hand and smashes it onto plastic/glass to create the
sound effect of batman hitting Dr Freeze’s helmet.
The man in this video
showcases the files and sounds which he has made for the game Skyrim talking
about how he made them, how he edited them and presenting how he placed them
onto a character animation so the sound would play when this character moved.
Technical Development
Programmer – A programmer must write code that makes
the game run, they are the heart of the process in making a game and without
programmers the game would not be able to run at all. It is one of the hardest
jobs in the development of making a game as they must learn different languages
of code such as C++, Python and many more. They can use and adapt any
ready-made code that is stored and must create their own for the games purpose.
Any bugs found must be fixed by the coding team.
Different platforms e.g. PC’s, games consoles and handhelds have
different coding and scripting along with particular programming requirements.
This is due to the hardware used within each platform meaning that some
platforms will have limited choices. There are also a few specialist
programing’s such as AI (artificial intelligence), 3D engine development,
control systems, interface and physics programing. These are specialist roles
because each one is a very important and complex program.
Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of non-playable
characters who must act in a certain way to make the game playable, if the AI
does not perform the way that they should then the programmers will have to fix
it so that they make the experience better. 3D engine development is one of the
hardest forms for programming; they will have to program engines so that they
work correctly. A game engine is what the game will be built in e.g. unity,
this is a game engine that has been designed to create video games and has been
used to create games such as ori and the blind forest or max and the curse of
brotherhood (these are both created by indie developers.) Without 3D engine
developers, game engines such as unity would not have been able to have been
created meaning that all video games would never have been made. Engine
developers will work and improve engines to make their game or the engine in
general work better with more functions.
An example of this can be
seen below with a piece of coding being showcased. A video below will also
explain how the game minecraft is programmed by a man who created a game known
as minecraft, he explains how one of the enemies in the game was created which
was originally a bug when he was trying to code a pig.
Minecraft:
I have also programmed using
two different types of software. One was software known as visual basic and
another was software known as construct. Below can be seen is the scripting for
a game that I am creating using the software construct. Again, my coding abilities aren't as good as the people in the industry but if I continue to practice then those skills will improve.
Lead Programmer – The lead programmers are responsible for
looking after the team of programmers who must create the coding for the game.
They must make sure that the coding is done on time and within the budget, they
are also responsible for the technical specification of the game and must
manage the overall code development process. The games designer and other key
team leaders such as the lead artist will help and work with the lead
programmer to create the technical specification. After the specification is
made they will delegate the different elements that need to be coded to
different teams of programmers. The lead programmer will also review the coding
by the teams of programmers to ensure that the quality, effectiveness and
appropriateness match the elements that should have been created. If they feel
that it does not match then they will send a message to the programmers to make
sure they correct it.
The lead programmers also manage the production of the different
builds of a game, the different builds are basically different versions that
make improvements upon the last version/build, and they will ensure that the
improvement is made over the last one. They will do this by making sure that
bugs in the coding are patched/fixed and that appropriate solutions are found,
if the time of development is short or feeling short then the lead programmer
will make sure that a quantity of bugs are fixed over the quality. They will
communicate with the project manager to keep up to track on the schedule. The
lead programmer will also make sure that their team understand the
specification that is given to them and provide support and guidance to make
sure that they do, they must also make sure that the programmers have the
correct skills and training (especially on the element they are working on) so
that they produce high quality work and do their jobs effectively. They will
also help by writing most of the code themselves.
Project Implementation
Project Manager/Producer – The project manager (also known as
producer) must ensure that the game is delivered successfully on time and
within a budget. They have to control the finance and other resources whilst
looking over the different teams of programmers, artists, audio engineers and
more to make sure that the quality and vision of the game is maintained. They
will deal with any problems that will arise and keep checking up on each team
to work out where the weaknesses and strengths are coming from, this will also
help to delegate certain jobs to certain teams depending on what needs to be
done. They will take into account the contribution from each person and
overview the entire process of the game from the planning of it to the
distribution of it.
The main focus of the project manager is the financing. Since the
production of a game often lasts up to 2 years with a complex process with
teams filled with artists, programmers, designers, artists, musicians and even
sometimes voice actors (depending on who each person is and how well skilled
they are the pay they will receive will change accordingly) and so means that
it is a job which involves a lot of managing with a considerable amount of
responsibility in finance. They will carry out a detailed analysis of the games
designers specification and work out what needs to be done by a certain date,
they will consult with the lead roles, games designer and other creative
managers to come to an agreement on who should handle certain jobs in each team
and to see what is more important that needs to be implemented into the game.
Once the agreements are in place the schedule will be created for
the development of the game and the equipment that will be used by the teams
will be decided as well. Producers will also negotiate the contracts that are
needed with the suppliers and contractors. During the development the producer
will regularly check the schedule and communicate with the every personnel in
the building (and even external personnel) including senior management,
publishers, all PR and marketing departments, the QA testers, and the teams of
programmers, artists and design teams to make sure that they are sticking to
the schedule and to assist them so that they know what to do next. If the
schedule seems like it is too short or they feel like the deadline is a concern
then they will reprioritise certain elements, manage each risk involved and
plan out any future circumstances that could arise coming up with solutions at
the same time to battle any circumstances which seem bad.
Producers will also have to oversee the maintenance side of the
game checking out the issues that are involved even after the game has been
released, they will have to manage the updates that will take place, any
additional content that will get included and must ten to customer support.
The video below gives multiple opinions about how you have to be a
project manager, they give their thoughts about what it is like and advice on
how you should act when you are in the project manager’s role.
I have been in this role
myself when my teacher gave the class that I was in an assignment. He gave me
the manager role and I had to come up with ideas on how the game should be and
the elements that will be included in it. It was a creative role and one that
had to think about each are of development, I had to consider what would be the
main factors, change people from roles to get the deadline done, consult with
the teams on how my ideas wanted to look. This exercise gave me knowledge and
helped showed me the responsibilities of being in the managers role. Below
shows the ideas that I came up with along with Jamie Goode who was the
assistant manager, he helped me to get my ideas across and communicated a lot
with the teams helping my initial idea come true.
Assistant Producer – The assistant producer helps the project
manager to deliver the game on schedule with the amount of quality that is
possible. They will focus on specific areas during development, this could
involve communicating with between people internally and externally from the
company or working on some of the project’s key processes. Assistant producers
are employed by either publishers or development studios; if they are employed
into a development studio then they will communicate highly with the teams
involved such as the programmers, artist and design teams. They will act as a
link for the producer and any ideas that the teams have will be discussed with
the assistant producer who will then tell the ideas to the producer and vice
versa. When it comes down to a publisher’s studio then the assistant producer
will often liaise between the sales and marketing department as finance is a
vital concept in the games industry. They will also liaise with the developer
and support the work of the publisher’s external producer.
As the development continues the assistant producer will swap
between roles and responsibilities concentrating on important and key factors.
Some important jobs they have to do involve task and milestone planning so that
they can stick to the schedule. They must also handle review and approval
processes, they will also take control of jobs such as filing concept art, the
marketing and press assets. Each of these will be filed and sorted accordingly
by the assistant producer. Once the game begins to enter final stages of
development the assistant producer will handle organising press visits, they
will release game demos and set up some photo shoots.
External Producer - The external producer ensures that the
delivery of the game is successful just like the original producer but they
will work externally from the development team. They help the publisher with
his/hers sales and marketing departments which may be located within another
country or over 100 miles away. The external producer will communicate highly
with the internal producer (the internal producer will work within the
development team.) Even though they will work quite closely, they will both
have different jobs and roles to complete. The internal producer will work with
staff and assist them and work on the task at hand of completing the game with
the highest amount of quality.
The external producer however, is considered to mainly help and ensure that the publisher has all the most relevant information and techniques to make the game a commercial success, they will also communicate with the game developer about daily problems while working on making the game the biggest success that it can be. When it comes to how the commercial should be done they will guide the marketing manager about releasing screenshots and demo disks and will also discuss with the internal producer about language localisation, cut scenes and outsourcing of audio. They will also test and play early versions of the game to make sure it is being developed well and to see any commercial key points.
Creative Director - The creative director is the key when it
comes to development of a game, they get to over see any high level decisions
on how the game is created including game play, looks and sounds. It is not a
compulsory role and is usually a job split up between the leaders, designers
and producers. They are responsible for getting the look and feel of the game
to be of highest quality, this role has become possible because of the producer
role since the producer must concentrate more on the budget and schedule of the
development.
The creative director must focus on all the gameplay, artwork, music and audio assets making sure that the quality is as high as possible, they also make the initial concepts for the characters and game itself. They will oversee from the beginning of the game till the end and will make sure that by the time the finished game comes that the initial ideas are fulfilled. As the game is in the first stages of development they will work with a small team and pay special attention to the artistic styling and obstacles that the player will need to overcome during the game. They will also deal with issues such as any major redesigns or ideas about the characters and scenarios that will happen and are involved and will also have to deal with any new features. When they external of the development team, the creative director will try to promote the game at hand to executives who will not be involved in any form of production.
Quality Assurance
QA Tester - QA testers have a vital role in the entire process of
games development, they must test a game out and keep trying to find any bugs
or problems involved in the game. If one is found then they will be labelled
with three different letters: A, B and C. A level glitches are massive glitches
in the game that are main priority, they will hinder the player from
progressing any further and endanger the game from being playable. This
may include falling through the floor, the game not loading when it gets to a
certain point, the player not being able to move after interacting with an
object etc. B type glitches aren't minor glitches but they are not serious
enough to hinder the game from being playable, they involve glitches that break
the game and make it look unprofessional such as a certain weapon not being
able to fire, dialogue not appearing when talking to a character etc. If there
are too many B type glitches however, they could become equal to an A type glitch
and hinder the game useless. C type glitches are really minor, they do not halt
the game in any way and are last priorities. Using a ledge to get to a location
that should be unaccessible, using a combination of multiple factors to fling
the main character into the air etc.
They also act as the games first audience and can give the development teams ideas on how to improve the game in general such as should an other difficulty be involved or should it be made more fun by improving upon several elements. They must find every mistake that they can by the time of release looking out for graphical glitches, audio glitches, localisation problems and copyright issues. If they fail to find or report major glitches then they can be disciplined. QA testers must know which issues to prioritise, they will also work in teams, sometimes playing together on a multi-player based game or being given their own part of a game that they must repeatedly play until they have found all forms of glitches that they can. Even though they are vital they do only have very limited influence over the game design, they must be creative and play games using different techniques giving individuality to each play through as though they are playing as a different person each time. This is to try and get as close to perfect as the game can get. They may also communicate and assist with the customer support team once the game is developed and launched.
I have had experience whithin QA testing, my teacher let us play a game that was in development under one of the staff at our college, we had to look for any bugs and submit them to our teacher under the correct letter and a small description of the bug itself. We had to repeatedly play the game until we did not think there were any more bugs we could find. It has given me experience into the QA testers role.
Business Development
Public Relations Manager - The public relations manager is in
charge of the organisations image, they can spread information to other
organisations, individuals and the public. The main aim of a public relations
manager is to inform the public, investors, employees, partners and more and
persuade them to have a certain view upon the company while maintaining that
view as the years go on. There are a few job roles involved when it comes to
public relations such as coordinator, account executive, account supervisor and
the manager. The manager must act as the companies representative and attend
public events, conferences and deal with sponsorships and checking and editing
brochures, newsletters, posters, articles and more.
Product Manager - The product manager controls the
development of an organisation, they will attempt to maximise the amount of
money the organisation will be making by considering numerous factors such as
the products that the competition will be making, the intended audience, the
intended demographic (population such as older or younger) and how well the
product being made fits with the company. The product mangers job and
description will change within each company and piece of media but usually
attempts to stay on track with the three factors mentioned before. Product
managers have good skills within communication as they will work with customers
discussing and understanding problems that the product will be intended to
solve. When it comes to the games industry the product manager will help
discuss development with characters and scenarios, they will also attempt to
make sure that the ideas are capable enough of the team doing so that the
product is made with full quality.
Marketing Executive - Marketing executives must help to
develop and create marketing campaigns that will promote an organisations
product, service or idea. They must tackle a number of elements such as
planning, advertising, working with public relations, event organisation and a
few more. The responsibilities will be effected and vary depending on how big
the organisation is and what the organisation is planning to do such as sell a
product or raising an issue which affects the public. Marketing executives also
have to deal with how the product will be presented across to the media and the
press, they will have to develop ideas for how to advertise the product while
making sure that the advertisement will show a promise to the audience and that
it is worth spending money on. They will take feedback and improve tell the
organisation on how people wish the product to be while improving upon how the
product will be advertised further on in the development.
Marketing Manager - The marketing managers job is to plan
the best way to promote the product, services or idea. They will lead a team
and communicate with the marketing executive along with the organisation to
make sure the promotion is as good as it can be. Again it will vary and change
depending on the organisation and what you are attempting to sell. Marketing
managers must be creative and think of several ways on advertising making sure
the impact of the advert is greatly influencing the public. They can be in
charge of several campaigns at once and must motivate the members of their team
to ensure that the campaign is successful. You will also receive feedback from
the public and discuss with the organisation on ways to make the promotion of
the product as effective as it can be. You may also work with other organisations
to produce ideas as well. At the end of each marketing campaign you will work
out how successful and effective it has been and send a report filled with the
information to marketing directors. They will decide the budget of the
campaign, the schedule that each milestone has to be met by and attend things
such as conferences and sales meetings.
Sources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Km-d7RM0U7s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohRJNBaMIH0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsM7EnWJ4TU
http://collegelifestyles.org/2013/02/how-to-break-into-in-the-public-relations-field/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/product-management-real-estate-poonam-singh
http://business.slu.edu/programs-of-study/professional-development-programs/executive-certificate-programs/executive-certificate-in-internet-marketing/
http://essentialsofbusiness.ufexec.ufl.edu/resources/marketing/marketing-management-career-profile/#.Vua7-uKLTcs
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